9 Different Minerals Used as Abrasives

9 Different Minerals Used as Abrasives Abrasives today are largely precision-manufactured substances, but natural mineral abrasives are often still used. A good abrasive mineral is not just hard, but  also tough and sharp. It must be plentiful or at least widespread and pure. Not many minerals share all these attributes,  so the list of abrasive minerals is short but interesting.   Sanding Abrasives   Sanding was originally done with (surprise!) sand fine-grained quartz. Quartz sand is hard enough for woodworking (Mohs hardness 7), but its not very tough or sharp. The virtue of sand sandpaper is its cheapness. Fine woodworkers do occasionally use flint sandpaper or glass paper.  Flint, a form of chert,  is a rock made of microcrystalline quartz. Its no harder than quartz but its tougher so its sharp edges last longer. Garnet paper is still widely available. The garnet mineral almandine is harder than quartz (Mohs 7.5), but its real virtue is its sharpness, giving it cutting power without scratching wood too deeply. Corundum  is the workhorse abrasive of sandpaper.  Extremely hard (Mohs 9) and sharp, corundum is also usefully brittle, breaking into sharp fragments that keep on cutting. Its great for wood, metal, paint, and plastic. All sanding products today use artificial corundum aluminum oxide. If you find an old stash of emery cloth or paper, it probably uses the real mineral. Emery is a natural mix of fine-grained corundum and magnetite. Polishing Abrasives   Three natural abrasives are commonly used for polishing and cleaning  metal:  enamel finishes, plastic, and tile. Pumice is a stone, not a mineral, a volcanic product with a very fine grain. Its hardest mineral is quartz, so it has a gentler action than sanding abrasives. Softer still is feldspar (Mohs 6), which is most famously used in the Bon Ami brand household cleaner. For the most delicate polishing and cleaning work, such as with  jewelry and fine crafts, the gold standard is tripoli, also called rottenstone. Tripoli is microscopic, microcrystalline quartz mined from beds of decomposed limestone. Sandblasting and Waterjet Cutting Applications of these industrial processes range from scrubbing rust off of steel girders to inscribing gravestones, and a wide range of blasting abrasives is in use today. Sand is one, of course, but airborne dust from crystalline silica is a health hazard. Safer alternatives include garnet, olivine (Mohs 6.5) and staurolite (Mohs 7.5). Which to choose depends on many factors other than mineralogical considerations, including cost, availability, the material being worked, and the experience of the worker. Many artificial abrasives are in use in these applications, too, as well as in  exotic things like ground walnut shells and solid carbon dioxide. Diamond Grit The hardest mineral of all is diamond (Mohs 10), and diamond abrasive is a large part of the world diamond market. Diamond paste is available in many grades for sharpening hand tools, and you can even buy nail files impregnated with diamond grit for the ultimate grooming aid. Diamond is best suited for cutting and grinding tools, however, and the drilling industry uses lots of diamond for drill bits. The material used is worthless as jewelry, being black or included - full of inclusions - or too fine-grained. This grade of diamond is called bort. Diatomaceous Earth The powdery substance composed of the microscopic shells of diatoms is known as diatomaceous earth or DE. Diatoms are a kind of algae that form exquisite skeletons of amorphous  silica.  DE is not abrasive to humans, metals, or anything else in our everyday world, but at the microscopic scale, its very damaging to insects. The broken edges of crushed diatom shells scratch holes in their hard outer skins, causing their internal fluids to dry out. Its safe enough to strew in the garden or to mix with food, such as stored grain, to prevent infestations. When they arent calling it diatomite, geologists have another name for DE, borrowed from German: kieselguhr.

Annotated Bibliography Alphabetical Order Example for a Paper on Macroeconomics

Annotated Bibliography Alphabetical Order Example for a Paper on Macroeconomics They say that you have to write an annotated bibliography to better get acquainted with the topic of your research. Usually, your professor asks you to do that before you start working on the actual paper, and, indeed, you find out more about the subject of your analysis, spot what has already been done in the field and how you can contribute to it. The reason students twitch every time someone mentions annotated bibliography is that there are certain rules you have to follow while writing it – formatting details, a particular structure, and alphabetic order. Why is the last one so important? Because that’s the detail that students often get fried on and lose points: they mix up the order, sort out the sources by the first name of the author or the title of the piece (the right option is the author’s last name), etc. Make sure you avoid these sneaky errors and have a look at our sample list of annotated bibliography (alphabetical order strictly followed) formatted in APA. If you have another citation style for your paper, look up its rules. Dullien, S. (2017). Macroeconomics in Context: A European Perspective. Routledge. The book is an up-to-date, comprehensive source of information on macroeconomics that is regarded not in theory, but in contexts connected with history, modern events, people’s well-being. It deals with European economic crisis, unemployment, and most importantly Brexit which is the subject of my research. Kraay, A. (2012). How Much Does GDP Increase When Public Spending Increase? Research Digest, 6 (4), 3. The author summarizes his book in this article which touches upon the GDP increase in developing countries. The most significant data included in it and connected with our scientific macroeconomic exploration is that it develops the notion of public spending increasing the GDP. Peach, Rich, Linder. (2013). The Parts Are More than Whole: Separating Goods and Services to Predict Core Inflation. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 19 (7). The article considers a model for a better and more accurate prediction of core inflation and factors that may influence it – mainly import prices, labor market, and economic expectations. This model, if used correctly, can provide high-quality forecasts for the market. Tickamyer, A. (2017). Rural Poverty in the United States. Columbia University Press. This is an extensive analysis of the poverty in the rural areas that captures the period starting from the Civil War to the present. It attempts to determine the reasons of such a modern state, uses the experience to avoid mistakes and builds new theories that might help to avoid rural poverty in the USA. As you can see from these examples, in a brief description you express the main subject matter of the source and explain how it contributes to your research. You basically persuade your supervisor or the committee that it is good enough to be on the (alphabetically structured!!!) list of your references and be used to explore your topic. The length of these descriptions may depend on your university requirements, but usually, it’s no more than 2-3 sentences. So, gather your references and go ahead!